HISTORY OF NETWORKING COMPUTER
1. 1960s—The
first large-scale commercial computer network is created for an airline
reservation application. Also, the Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET) successfully links
computers developed by different manufacturers, forming what is later described
as the origin of today’s Internet.
2.
1970s—A
networking technology for minicomputers called Ethernet is developed.
3.
1980s—The
increase in the number of stand-alone desktop microcomputers within
organizations encourages widespread adoption of local area networks (LANs).
4.
1990s—Web-based
Internet resources are introduced on a global scale.
5.
2000s—Improved
mobile/wireless devices and networks provide the means to connect to an
organizational network from nearly any location in the world.
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WHAT IS COMPUTER NETWORKING?
A
network is nothing more than two or more computers connected to
each other so that they can exchange information, such as e-mail messages or
documents, or share resources, such as disk storage or printers. In most cases,
this connection is made via electrical cables that carry the information in the
form of electrical signals. But in some cases, other types of connections are
used. For example, fiber-optic cables let computers communicate at extremely
high speeds by using impulses of light. Wireless networks let computers
communicate by using radio signals, so the computers aren’t restricted by
physical cables.
Network building blocks:
All
networks, large or small, require specialized network hardware to make them
work. For small networks, the hardware may consist of nothing more than
a collection of computers that are equipped with network ports, a cable for
each computer, and a network switch that all the computers plug in to
via
the cable. Larger networks probably have additional components, such as
routers or repeaters.
Small
or large, all networks are built from the following basic building blocks:
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✦ Client computers:
The computers that end users use to access
the resources
of the network. Client computers are typically computers located
on users’ desks. They usually run a desktop version of Windows such
as Windows 7, Vista, or XP. In addition, the client computers usually run
some type of application software such as Microsoft Office. Client
computers are sometimes referred to as workstations.
✦ Server computers:
Computers that provide shared
resources, such as disk
storage and printers, as well as network services, such as e-mail and
Internet access. Server computers typically run a specialized network operating
system such as Windows Server 2008 or 2003, NetWare, or
Linux, along with special software to provide network services. For example,
a server may run Microsoft Exchange to provide e-mail services for
the network, or it may run Apache Web Server so that the computer can
serve Web pages.
✦ Network
interface:
An interface — sometimes called a network port — that’s
installed in a computer to enable the computer to communicate over
a network. Almost all network interfaces implement a networking standard
called Ethernet. A
network interface is sometimes called a NIC, which stands for network interface card, because
in the early days of networking you actually had
to
install a separate circuit card in the computer to provide a network interface
Cable:
Computers in a
network are usually physically connected to each other
using cable.
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